Teacher Tip: Based on the Physics Narrative and the Teaching and Learning Issues

Ideas to emphasise here

• connect interactions between objects with the idea of a force
• adopt consistent conventions about where and how the arrows are drawn
• relate floating and sinking to forces, not to rules about displaced fluids
• relate friction to the mechanisms of friction
• focus on the physical reasons for placing arrows
• giving real experiences of forces acting at a distance
• exploiting the tangible effects of magnets in regions of space around the magnet
• relate electric, magnetic and gravity forces, without conflating them
• separate the mass of an object from the force of gravity acting on the object, without being dogmatic

Teacher Tip: Work through the Physics Narrative to find these lines of thinking worked out and then look in the Teaching Approaches for some examples of activities.

Strategies for supporting learning

• draw on learners conception of their own actions and relate these to force
• explore and expose children's ideas of forces
• draw out children's everyday ideas about motion and the forces required
• introduce children to a new way of seeing – with forces
• convince children that inanimate things can push, just like they can
• developed the idea that a mechanism underpins the interaction that is replaced by force
• convince children that air can exert forces
• draw on children's own experience of action at the distance, probably through experiences with magnets
• draw on children's experiences, some of which will be vicarious, to establish the reality of gravity in space
• explore something of the mystery of action at a distance

Teacher Tip: These are all related to findings about children's ideas from research. The teaching activities will provide some suggestions. So will colleagues, near and far.

Avoid these

• drawing arrows next two objects, or near objects, when you intend the force be acting on the object
• don't act as if the placing of arrows is obvious and open to a simple inspection
• don't refer to forces cancelling out
• avoid using complex objects on which forces might be acting (with internally moving parts – bicycles, cars, people.)
• using friction as a blanket term, without reference to its physical origins
• treating contact forces exerted by inanimate objects as obvious
• stating, without sharing the appropriate experiences that give the statements meaning
• treating action at a distance as obviously acceptable
• acting as if the similarities between the three non-contact forces always have been obvious
• over-emphasising the similarities
• conflating the terminology and representations for the three different forces

Teacher Tip: These difficulties are distilled from: the research findings; the practice of well-connected teachers with expertise; issues intrinsic to representing the physics well.

Teacher Tip: Based on the Physics Narrative and the Teaching and Learning Issues

Frictional forces are a group of forces that affect movement. They can set things moving (as when you expect your shoe to grip the floor: think about when it does not – icy patches wreak havoc with our expectations of getting going) and these are grip forces. Another set of frictional forces are slip forces: these slow things down as one surface moves past another surface (and both are the surfaces of solids, not fluids). This activity is an exploration of these two kinds of grip forces, to encourage children to think through the detailed mechanisms that underpin these forces and therefore to be able to reason about changes that well increase or decrease the grip or slip force. One reason for focusing on mechanism is that it provides a field guide to help children identify where to expect forces. Another is that this particular focus enables a physical richness to the explanations that afford exploration, rather than simply associating the label friction with the phenomenon that you're looking at.

Forces are best represented with labelled arrows, of different lengths to show different values, and we'd suggest that you make extensive use of these as physical labels on things, as this makes it clear that forces are acting on objects, with some effect on the motion of the object. That's where all this discussion about forces is heading in the the long term.

There is a third member of the frictional group of forces, that is not dealt with here: drag. Drag is the force exerted by a fluid (a liquid or a gas) as the object moves through the fluid, and you may well meet particular examples described as air resistance or water resistance. The mechanisms underpinning these interactions are complicated – even more complicated than grip and slip. And even more so if it's something like a boat that moves at the interface between two fluids (water and air). So here we'd suggest being very clear in your own mind that you're only dealing with frictional forces between solids.

Meeting reality: valuable experiences

• trying to lift slippery objects
• starting and stopping moving on more or less slippery surfaces

A sequence for developing the idea

The idea of friction is often rather vague, and used as a word to avoid explaining, rather than to thinking in some detail about the mechanisms at work. This sequence encourages you to be much more explicit, so allowing children access to a much richer understanding. Such detailed and careful thinking and representing provides them with a starting point for asking much more interesting and much more fruitful questions.

Teacher Tip: The ideas are developed in the Physics Narrative.

Discussion about instances

Practice labelling things isolated from their environment, with forces to represent interactions with the environment, using cardboard arrows.

Cardboard arrows

Explore children's starting ideas about forces by discussing everyday situations.

Looking through forces spectacles

Helping children to identify forces and give them a language to describe forces. Exploring pupil's ideas – and making them explicit – is a central feature of this introductory work.

Lifting a tin

Set an everyday task that depends on frictional forces – for example lifting a tin.

Visualising what happens at surfaces for grip and slip

Introduce the grip and slip force arrows with a pair scrubbing brushes. Relate surface roughness to the ordering of the grip and slip arrows.

Ordering slip or grip forces

Pull on the slippy and grippy puppets pressed on everyday surfaces.

Everyday grip and slip

Describe the experiences of the pull by labelling with slip or grip force arrows of different lengths.

Getting a feeling for a one newton force

Pulling with a standard force

Braking uses slip forces

Stop something moving over with grippy and slippy puppets.

Messages from research and practice: specific tripwires for this idea

Children have plenty of experience of pushing and pulling things to change their location. But they have rather fewer experiences of acting to change the motion of things, because frictional forces are so pervasive. Give something a shove, and it might move a bit, but it will then very likely come to a halt: the location has been changed, but the motion has not been (except in the short term). There are two significant challenges here. The first is that once you've analysed the world carefully enough, force changes motion, and not location. The second is that children need to generalise their idea of agency, so that they can imagine the world as a place where many different things in the environment can exert forces, and not just human pushes and pulls.

Prior ideas to re-activate and build on

• forces are represented by arrows
• forces are like children's pushes and pulls

A key element of making ideas about frictional forces worth teaching is to go well beyond labelling something as to do with friction: drilling down into the physical mechanisms, imagining the interactions between the thing and its environment that provide these frictional forces. It's a good plan to expect to work towards some detailed descriptions of how things are, through sketches, words and physical experiences, rather than stopping as soon as the word friction is reached.

Teacher: Well, here we have a stone sliding across ice. It stops after a while…

Abi: I know, it's friction, miss.

Teacher: Yes, but what's rubbing against what: where do we need to put the arrow?

Dave: The bottom of the stone's rubbing on the ice.

Teacher: And the arrow?

Alex: It's a slip arrow, the slip force.

Teacher: A long arrow, for a big force?

Abi: No, no, no. It's a short one.

Geoff: Because the ice is smooth.

Abi: So it's only a small slip force, and the stone takes a long time to stop.

In many cases the explicit link to the reason for expecting there to be a frictional force there at all, and the resultant effect on motion, are best drawn out, so that any difficulties can be made explicit.

The challenges and difficulties are explored in the Teaching and Learning Issues strand – here is an essential selection:

I can't see a force – so it isn't there

Forces are a part of the imagined world of the physicist and so you cannot see them, however powerful the telescope or microscope. You do have to re-describe the lived-in world in a new and rather special way.

Force equals motion: no motion equals no force

Force equals motion: motion equals force

The conflation of force and motion is well documented in the research. There are good reasons to believe children have experiences in the lived-in world that reinforce these kinds of confusions.

Air resistance – how can it work?

Air seems very thin, and so it seems more or less unbelievable that it could exert a significant force on moving objects.

Teacher Tip: Avoid arguing from the effect to the implied cause, so don't use: The stone takes a long time to slow down, so the slip force must have been small.

Teacher Tip: These challenges and some suggestions for working with them are more fully explained in the Teaching and Learning Issues.

Representing and reasoning: doing physics

Re-describing the world in terms of forces acting on objects needs imagination. Since forces cannot be seen, even with the most powerful microscope or telescope, and are not obviously just there, it is worth emphasising this imaginative aspect. Thoughtful and precise drawing of diagrams representing different forces using arrows is, at the same time, both fruitful and requiring significant work.

Using ideas about friction is all about seeing the world through forces spectacles.

In general we're concerned with identifying and labelling a force.

In the case of frictional forces, a force in which is exerted by one surface on another.

Children have a number of different ideas about forces. Research shows that many are both persistent and incorrect, particularly with respect to the effect on motion. This connection is particularly important for friction, which sometimes reduces motion, and sometimes enables it. We suggest that it's important to distinguish between the two, with a label for each:

• Grip for getting things going, where there is no movement between the surfaces, and nothing gets warmed.
• Slip for slowing things down, where there is warming.

These labels link well with everyday ideas of surfaces being slippy (there is very likely to be movement between the surfaces) or grippy(it's much less likely that there is movement).

Friction

To identify the forces you need to pay attention to the surfaces between which there might be movements.

The focus here is on one surface sliding over another, and not on moving through fluids, which results in drag. Drag is a much more complicated member of the forces which are grouped together under the frictional label, and is best dealt with separately (perhaps when you're working on air resistance or water resistance).

Teacher Tip: Keep in your mind that drag is rather different from grip or slip, even though all three are grouped as frictional forces.

This activity provides some physical experiences, that provide a hands-on experience to get children's minds-on in exploring the act of seeing the world through forces spectacles. This re-imagining, seeing through (special) forces spectacles is really important, as forces are not the kind of things you can see with conventional sight, even with a magnifying glass.

Teacher Tip: Grip and Slip, or even friction are always forces, so it's a really good idea to have to hand a small collection of force arrows, of three different sizes, to label different situations in front of you, or perhaps invite children to do so.

The physics ideas are explored in more detail in the Physics Narrative – here is an essential selection:

Looking through forces spectacles

You have to re-imagine the world to re-describe it with forces: the forces spectacles are one way to identify and label this process of modelling.

Keeping it simple: modelling

It is possible to build rather complicated descriptions rather easily. The idea in physics is to keep things simple.

If you'd like a quick reminder, or prefer your arguments graphically, you might also want to check:

Re-imagining the world

An interactive diagram showing the process of looking through forces spectacles.

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An interactive diagram showing the process of re-imagining a held bag of shopping as seen through forces spectacles.

Pushing, grip and slip

An interactive diagram showing how you can re-describe pushing a box in terms of grip and slip forces.

Teacher Tip: Remember the key long term learning outcome here is that the force acting RightArrow change in motion. Here you're making a start by identifying the forces acting on an object. Much later children will need to learn how to combine these forces into a single force.

The main ideas to have to hand at all times

• grip accounts both for getting going and for preventing movement
• slip accounts for slowing down, when surfaces move past each other
• drag accounts for slowing down, when moving through a fluid

Teacher Tip: Find out more from the Physics Narrative.

Building this into other activities

Thinking about the difficulties of moving one surface over another provides plenty of opportunity for connections with other areas. There are many practical implications.

• Transportation over land was much easier once stopped just dragging things(and started using rollers, wheels, ball bearings, lubricants)
• Woven cloth is held together by the grip force exerted by warp on weft and by the grip force exerted by weft on warp.
• knots rely on grip forces
• grip forces are reduced by lubrication: cooking oil on the hands reduces the chance of lifting that tin

You could invite children to write an invented story about the differing adventures of the puppet people slippy and grippy in their own world. Varying the world or how slippy or grippy they are allows many different ideas to be explored. Such counter-factual explorations are particularly good for exploring children's ideas.