Brownian motion in a smoke cell
Practical Activity for 14-16
Class practical
This is a classic
experiment that gives strong circumstantial evidence for the particulate nature of air.
Apparatus and Materials
- Smoke cell, incorporating a light source and lens (Whitley Bay pattern)
- Microscope, low power (e.g. x10 objective, x10 eyepiece) and large aperture
- Power supply, 0 to 12 V, DC
- Microscope cover-slip
- Smoke source (e.g. paper drinking straw)
Health & Safety and Technical Notes
Teachers must ensure that light from the Sun is not reflected up through the microscope. (Once the cell is in position, the stage aperture is covered, removing the hazard.)
Read our standard health & safety guidance
If a camera is available for the microscope, you can demonstrate this experiment quickly to the whole class by following the camera instructions. However, seeing for yourself
has much to commend itself in this case.
The smoke can come from a piece of burning cord using a dropping pipette or a burning straw (preferably paper). The straw should burn at the top and then be extinguished. The bottom end of the straw should poke into the plastic smoke container.
The cell may need to be cleaned if a waxy or plastic straw is used.
Remove the glass cell from the assembly to clean it. Afterwards, push it fully back into the assembly. It may help to wet the outside of the glass tube. You will find it helpful to clean the glass cell after every five to ten fillings to obtain the best results; otherwise the light intensity is reduced.
The cell is illuminated from one side to make the smoke particles visible under the microscope. A small piece of black card prevents stray light from the lamp reaching the eye. The lamp is placed below the level of the glass rod in order to minimise convection.
Alternative method Use a visualiser with a data projector and screen to enable students to observe Brownian motion in a suspension containing tiny polystyrene spheres.
Procedure
- Fill the cell with smoke using a dropping pipette and cover it with a glass cover-slip. This will reduce the rate of loss of smoke from the cell.
- Place the cell on the microscope stage and connect to a 12 V power supply.
- Start with the objective lens of the microscope near the cover-slip. While looking through the microscope, slowly adjust the focus, moving the objective lens away from the cover-slip, until you see tiny dots of light.
- Watch the particles carefully. Note what you see.
Teaching Notes
- As this is such an important experiment - one of the few to show the
graininess
of nature and to give strong support to the idea that gas molecules are in constant motion - students should be given plenty of time to set it up and see it clearly. - We know what the students are supposed to see. They may not. Consequently, the students may not
see
what we expect. We expect them to observe jiggling points of light. The vertical component of the motion causes the bright points to go out of focus and to disappear. This will not be obvious to every student. The points of light may also have a drift velocity but we know that this observation is unimportant. The students don't know that the drift (due to large scale convection effects amongst other causes) is unimportant, and so this may become their major observation. Aprepared
mind helps the scientist to see. - Once the students
know
what to look for, it is useful to repeat the experiment; they'll see the expected effect second time around! - The bright specks of light do not bounce into each other before changing direction. Why?
- Ask students to note down an explanation of the observations. Discuss what everyone thinks is going on and then describe (or elicit through questioning) the kinetic explanation - that smoke particles are observed as points of light, and their jiggling is due to collisions with much smaller and invisible air particles. Students should realise that an invisible movement explains an observed movement. It becomes somewhat circular when Brownian motion is (incorrectly) given as evidence of the particulate nature of air it is circumstantial at best.
- "How big are air molecules?" "Well, smaller than the smallest specks of ash that make up smoke!" This may lead to guesstimating.
- "1 mm across? 0.1 mm?, 0.01 mm? Or even smaller? How many smoke particles could you park side by side along the edge of a postcard (15 cm long)? This is a chance to make an order-of-magnitude guess on whether they think that there would be 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, working in powers of 10\. And now guess how many molecules you could park side by side on each smoke speck. How many is that along the edge of the postcard? Molecules must be very small indeed and atoms even smaller. Common sense tells us that."
- Acknowledgement: This experiment comes from AS/A2 Advancing Physics. It was re-written for this website by Lawrence Herklots, King Edward VI School, Southampton.
This experiment was safety-tested in July 2007
This video shows how Brownian motion can be observed in a suspension containing micrometre diameter polystyrene spheres. Using a microscope and video camera, students can observe the motion of the polystyrene spheres. The video also shows how Brownian motion can be simulated using a vibrating loudspeaker, table tennis balls and a small balloon.
This video shows footage of the movement of particles by Brownian motion and can be used in the classroom with your students: